瀑布图

作者

[编辑] 郑虎;

[审核] .

修改于

2026-01-27

注记

Hiplot 网站

本页面为 Hiplot Waterfalls 插件的源码版本教程，您也可以使用 Hiplot 网站实现无代码绘图，更多信息请查看以下链接:

https://hiplot.cn/basic/waterfalls?lang=zh_cn

瀑布图用于显示顺序引入正值或负值的累积效应。这些中间值可以基于时间或基于类别。

环境配置

  • 系统: Cross-platform (Linux/MacOS/Windows)

  • 编程语言: R

  • 依赖包: data.table; jsonlite; waterfalls; ggplot2

# 安装包
if (!requireNamespace("data.table", quietly = TRUE)) {
  install.packages("data.table")
}
if (!requireNamespace("jsonlite", quietly = TRUE)) {
  install.packages("jsonlite")
}
if (!requireNamespace("waterfalls", quietly = TRUE)) {
  install.packages("waterfalls")
}
if (!requireNamespace("ggplot2", quietly = TRUE)) {
  install.packages("ggplot2")
}

# 加载包
library(data.table)
library(jsonlite)
library(waterfalls)
library(ggplot2)
sessioninfo::session_info("attached")
─ Session info ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 setting  value
 version  R version 4.5.2 (2025-10-31)
 os       Ubuntu 24.04.3 LTS
 system   x86_64, linux-gnu
 ui       X11
 language (EN)
 collate  C.UTF-8
 ctype    C.UTF-8
 tz       UTC
 date     2026-01-28
 pandoc   3.1.3 @ /usr/bin/ (via rmarkdown)
 quarto   1.8.27 @ /usr/local/bin/quarto

─ Packages ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 package    * version date (UTC) lib source
 data.table * 1.18.0  2025-12-24 [1] RSPM
 ggplot2    * 4.0.1   2025-11-14 [1] RSPM
 jsonlite   * 2.0.0   2025-03-27 [1] RSPM
 waterfalls * 1.0.0   2022-11-20 [1] RSPM

 [1] /home/runner/work/_temp/Library
 [2] /opt/R/4.5.2/lib/R/site-library
 [3] /opt/R/4.5.2/lib/R/library
 * ── Packages attached to the search path.

──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

数据准备

加载的数据具有两个列，其中第一个针对类别的项目，第二个针对其相应的值。

# 加载数据
data <- data.table::fread(jsonlite::read_json("https://hiplot.cn/ui/basic/waterfalls/data.json")$exampleData$textarea[[1]])
data <- as.data.frame(data)

# 查看数据
head(data)
  label value
1     a   100
2     b   -20
3     c    10
4     d    20
5     e   110

可视化

# 瀑布图
p <- waterfall(data, rect_text_labels = data$value, rect_text_size = 1,
    rect_text_labels_anchor = "centre", calc_total = T,
    total_axis_text = "Total", total_rect_text = sum(data$value),
    total_rect_color = "steelblue", total_rect_text_color = "black",
    rect_width = 0.7, rect_border = "black", draw_lines = TRUE,
    linetype = 2, fill_by_sign = F, 
    fill_colours = c("#E64B35FF","#4DBBD5FF","#00A087FF","#3C5488FF","#F39B7FFF",
                     "#8491B4FF"),
    scale_y_to_waterfall = T) +
  theme_bw() +
  theme(axis.text = element_text(size = 12),
        plot.title = element_text(hjust = 0.5)) +
  labs(title = "Waterfalls Plot")

p
图 1: 瀑布图

如示例图所示，X轴表示每个基于类别的项目，y轴显示其累积值。足够极端的增量和减小会导致累积总数在各个点上方降低和低于轴的高于轴的上方。